Relevance: The systematization of radiological signs of microcarcinomas will increase the frequency of detection of the disease at an early stage and maximize the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.

Purpose: To assess the key radiological characteristics of early forms of breast cancer (invasive tumors up to 1.0 cm and ductal carcinoma in situ).

Material and methods: The key radiological characteristics were studied in 110 patients with verified early forms of breast cancer: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast cancer up to 1 cm in size according to the morphological examination of the surgical material in the absence of signs of regional and distant metastasis — stage p T₁ₐ₋_bN₀M₀.

Results: The main radiological signs detected in mammography (MG) in early breast cancer were the nodular mass without microcalcifications — in 26 cases (23.9 %), the nodule and microcalcifications — in 35 cases (32.1 %), in 27 patients (24.8 %) — microcalcifications without a tumor node. In addition, in 17 cases (15.6 %) there was a violation of the architectonics or focal asymmetry, and in 4 patients (3.7 %) no signs of a malignant process were revealed at all with MG. The revealed changes in the breast in most patients (83 cases, 76.1 %) were interpreted as BIRADS 5, which indicates an extremely high probability of the presence of a malignant neoplasm. In 9 cases (8.3 %) after mammography, the diagnosis was interpreted as BIRADS 4, in 16 (14.7 %) cases the category BIRADS 0 was assigned, which required additional examination methods, and only in 1 patient (0.9 %) the revealed changes were interpreted as benign.

Conclusions: Mammography performed in 92 patients (84.4 %), based on the assessment of radiological signs, to establish the BIRADS 4/5 category, which served as the basis for performing a biopsy and verifying the diagnosis. However, in 15 % there were diagnostic difficulties in interpreting the data, which confirms the data of the world literature on the complexity of the differential diagnosis of microcarcinomas. 

The article considers two publications 2012 and 2020 of expert groups of the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) and European Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB), which provides clinical recommendations for contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination of the liver.

These recommendations are considered from the perspective of the change vector in the expert opinions. The analysis of the scientific substantiation of the differences in ultrasound semiotics of liver pathology depending on contrast phases in the format of evidence-based medicine is made.

Background: Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a relatively common benign bone tumor, accounting for 4–9.5 % of all primary bone neoplasms. Localization of GCTB is one of the most important differential diagnostic criteria, since the tumor affects certain parts of the skeleton. Until now, surgical treatment was considered the method of choice in the treatment of GCTB. However, in recent years, denosumab, a genetically engineered drug, has been widely used to treat this tumor. Denosumab treatment of GCTB prevents further tumor progression and reduces tumor size. Histological examination of the surgical specimen is undoubtedly the most objective method for assessing the effectiveness of the treatment. However, it is sometimes necessary to get information regarding the effectiveness of conservative therapy.

Purpose: To analyze the density characteristics of denosumab-treated GCTB using CT densitometry.

Material and methods: The study included 15 patients aged 28–59 years with histologically verified giantcell tumor, who received denosumab treatment followed by surgery. Tumor structure was assessed before starting denosumab therapy, after 3 and 6 courses of denosumab therapy.

Results: Changes in the density parameters (the mean tumor density, standard deviation of density, increase in the median tumor density and standard deviation of density, index of the relative density of the tumor) measured by CT images were analyzed. These changes were statistically significant in GCTB patients before initiating therapy with denosumab, and after 3 and 6 courses of denosumab therapy.

Conclusion: Thus, CT densitometry is a useful tool for assessing the density characteristics of the tumor in GCS patients treated denosumab.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The progression of HCC after previously effective TACE is quite often local. This article describes our experience with repeated TACE in patients with local progression of HCC. We analyzed 125 patients with HCC, for the period from 2009 to 2015. TACE was performed for intrahepatic manifestations of HCC. Progression of HCC after TACE-1 was observed in 88.8 % (n = 111) patients. Disease progression after TACE‑2 was registered in 40 (32 %) patients. TACE‑3 was performed in 8 (6.4 %) patients. The analysis showed that isolated local intrahepatic progression of HCC with the growth of intrahepatic tumor nodes previously subjected to TACE‑1 (without new foci) does not affect OS. The efficiency of re-embolization (TACE‑2) is somewhat lower than for TACE of the first stage. Independent factors of overall survival increase in patients receiving TACE: satisfactory objective status according to ECOG, efficacy of the first stage of TACE, late progression and objective effect after re-embolization. 

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the approaches to treatment
differ due to the stage of the disease. According to BCLC classification, B stage patients are recommended
to be underwent transarterial chemoembolization. However, BCLC B integrates patients with different
intrahepatic tumor burden and with different liver deterioration. There are many staging classifications that
determine the treatment and survival rates due to heterogeneity of this patient cohort. The aim of this study
is to review the existing ones and to describe their prognostic value.

Purpose: The assessment of the dose load on a pregnant patient during irradiation of the oropharyngeal tumor at different distances from the border of the irradiated field, including at the level corresponding to the position of the fetus, based on phantom measurements.

Material and methods: To calculate the exposure plan, the ECLIPSE planning system with the AAA algorithm was used. Irradiation was performed on a LinacClinaciX (Varian, USA) with a nominal photon energy of 6 MeV. The tissue equivalent phantom Alderson–Rando was used to assess the dose load on the fetus.

Results and conclusions: It was shown that the total absorbed dose at the level and below the diaphragm (the level of the fetus) at a distance of more than 40 cm from the border of the irradiation field for the entire course of radiation therapy turned out to be significantly less than the permissible limits indicated in the literature and amounted from 41.71 to 14.03 mGy. 

Proximal extrahepatic bile ducts are the biliary tree segment within formal boundaries from cystic ductcommon hepatic duct junction to sectoral hepatic ducts. Despite being a focus of attention of diagnostic and interventional radiologists, endoscopists, hepatobiliary surgeons and transplantologists they weren’t comprehensively described in available papers. The majority of the authors regard bile duct confluence as a group of merging primitively arranged tubes providing bile flow. The information on the proximal extrahepatic bile duct embryonal development, variant anatomy, innervation, arterial, venous and lymphatic supply is too general and not detailed. The present review brought together and systemized exiting to the date data on anatomy and function of this biliary tract portion. Unique, different from the majority of hollow organs organization of the proximal extrahepatic bile duct adapts them to the flow of the bile, i.e. viscous aggressive due to pH about 8.0 and detergents fluid, under higher wall pressure than in other parts of biliary tree. 

Carcinoid tumors are rare malignant neoplasms of the respiratory system. They belong to neuroendocrine tumors with a low degree of (G1, G2) malignancy. Even less common is the primary multiplicity of these tumors in the trachea and bronchi, which can complicate the only radical, surgical treatment. We present an observation of a 75-year-old patient who was able to diagnose a carcinoid of the cervical trachea and left main bronchus in a timely manner, determine the exact localization and prevalence of the tumor, and successfully conduct surgical treatment in 2 stages.