ojrdrtОнкологический журнал: лучевая диагностика, лучевая терапияJournal of oncology: diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy2587-75932713-167XНЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО «ОБЩЕСТВО ИНТЕРВЕНЦИОННЫХ ОНКОРАДИОЛОГОВ»10.37174/2587-7593-2019-2-4-13-25ojrdrt-87Research ArticleЛУЧЕВАЯ ТЕРАПИЯRADIOTHERAPYБрахитерапия в лечении больных со злокачественными образованиямиBrachytherapy in the Treatment of Oncology PatientsКравецО. А.KravetsO. A.

Moscow

kravetz_olga@mail.ruГладилинаИ. А.GladilinaI. A.

Moscow

Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава РФРоссияN.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of OncologyRussian Federation201930122019241325Copyright © Кравец О.А., Гладилина И.А., 20192019Кравец О.А., Гладилина И.А.Kravets O.A., Gladilina I.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/87

Данный обзор литературы посвящен роли брахитерапии в лечении больных со злокачественными образованиями. Лучевая терапия проводится более 70 % пациентам со злокачественными образованиями в монорежиме или в комбинации с другими методами лечения. В зависимости от расположения источника излучения лучевую терапию разделяют на дистанционную и брахитерапию. Брахитерапия имеет большие преимущества в сравнении с дистанционным методом воздействия: нивелирует смещение опухоли, уменьшает дозовую нагрузку на смежные органы, обеспечивает максимально быстрое и точное проведение лучевой терапии, значительно дешевле и доступнее других высокоточных методов локального воздействия, таких как томотерапия и протонная терапия. Брахитерапия применяется как в самостоятельном режиме, так и в сочетании с дистанционной лучевой терапией. Брахитерапия является «золотым стандартом» лечения онкогинекологических больных. Применяется в лечении больных раком предстательной железы и является альтернативным методом радикальной простатэктомии. Брахитерапия является лучшей терапевтической опцией в лечении больных немеланомными злокачественными образованиями кожи, располагающимися в периорбитальной области, на коже носа и ушных раковинах, так как хирургические вмешательства не всегда приводят к удовлетворительным эстетическим и функциональным результатам. Применяется также брахитерапия в лечении больных раком пищевода, опухолей головы и шеи и других новообразований, обеспечивая высокие цифры локального контроля над опухолью.

The given review of the literature is devoted to a role brachytherapy in treatment of patients with malignant tumor. More than 70 % patients with malignant tumor are treated with radiotherapy in as monotherapy or in combination with other methods of treatment. There are external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Conformal high-dose rate brachytherapy is an alternative means of precise dose escalation that offers similar tumoricidal effects as 3-dimensional (3D) conformal external beam radiotherapy with potential additional advantages. Brachytherapy is used in as monotherapy or in combination in a combination with external beam radiotherapy. Brachytherapy is the gold standard of treatment women with gynecological tumors. Brachytherapy is an alternative treatment option radical prostatectomy. Brachytherapy is the best therapeutic option in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer are localized on anatomical curves and near critical organs (nasal bridge, periorbital region) due to the excellent results and very good cosmetic effects. It is applied also in treatment of patients with head and a neck, esophagus, Klatskin tumor providing high local control.

брахитерапиядистанционная лучевая терапиябрахи-бустbrachytherapyexternal beam radiotherapybrachy-doostReferencesMould R.F. The early history of x-ray diagnosis with emphasis on the contributions of physics 1895–1915 // Phys. Med. Biol. 1995. Vol. 40. № 11. P. 1741–1787.Mould R.F. The early history of x-ray diagnosis with emphasis on the contributions of physics 1895–1915 // Phys. Med. Biol. 1995. Vol. 40. № 11. P. 1741–1787.Henschke U.K., Hilaris B.S., Mahan D.G. Intracavitary radiation therapy of uterine cancer by remote afterloading with cycling sources // Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1966. Vol. 96. P. 45.Henschke U.K., Hilaris B.S., Mahan D.G. Intracavitary radiation therapy of uterine cancer by remote afterloading with cycling sources // Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1966. Vol. 96. P. 45.Herrmann T., Christen N., Alheit HD. Gynecologic brachytherapy – from low-dose-rate to high-tach // Strahlenther Onkol. 1993. Vol. 169. № 3. P. 141–151.Herrmann T., Christen N., Alheit HD. Gynecologic brachytherapy – from low-dose-rate to high-tach // Strahlenther Onkol. 1993. Vol. 169. № 3. P. 141–151.Joslin C.A. Clinical application of high activity sourse afterloading in the United Kingd // In: Afterloading: 20 years of expierence. Ed. B.S. Hilaris. – New York. 1975. P. 209–212.Joslin C.A. Clinical application of high activity sourse afterloading in the United Kingd // In: Afterloading: 20 years of expierence. Ed. B.S. Hilaris. – New York. 1975. P. 209–212.Simon N., Silverstone S.M., Roach L.C. An overview of afterloading in radiotherapy // Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1972. Vol. 114. P. 646–647.Simon N., Silverstone S.M., Roach L.C. An overview of afterloading in radiotherapy // Amer. J. Roentgenol. 1972. Vol. 114. P. 646–647.Tanderup K., Ménard C., Polgar C., Lindegaard J.C. et al. Advancements in brachytherapy // Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2017. Vol. 96. P. 15–25.Tanderup K., Ménard C., Polgar C., Lindegaard J.C. et al. Advancements in brachytherapy // Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2017. Vol. 96. P. 15–25.Gill B.S., Lin J.F., Krivak T.C. et al. National Cancer Data Base analysis of radiation therapy consolidation modality for cervical cancer: the impact of new technological advancements // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2014. Vol. 90. № 5. P. 1083–1090.Gill B.S., Lin J.F., Krivak T.C. et al. National Cancer Data Base analysis of radiation therapy consolidation modality for cervical cancer: the impact of new technological advancements // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2014. Vol. 90. № 5. P. 1083–1090.Georg D., Kirisits C., Hillbrand M. et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for cervix cancer: high-tech external beam therapy versus high-tech brachytherapy // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2008. Vol. 71. № 4. P. 1272–1278.Georg D., Kirisits C., Hillbrand M. et al. Image-guided radiotherapy for cervix cancer: high-tech external beam therapy versus high-tech brachytherapy // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2008. Vol. 71. № 4. P. 1272–1278.Pötter R., Haie-Meder C., Van Limbergen E. et al. GEC ESTRO Working Group. Recommendations from gynaecological (GYN) GEC ESTRO working group (II): concepts and terms in 3D image-based treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy3D dose volume parameters and aspects of 3D imagebased anatomy, radiation physics, radiobiology // Radiother. Oncol. 2006. Vol. 78. № 1. P. 67–77.Pötter R., Haie-Meder C., Van Limbergen E. et al. GEC ESTRO Working Group. Recommendations from gynaecological (GYN) GEC ESTRO working group (II): concepts and terms in 3D image-based treatment planning in cervix cancer brachytherapy3D dose volume parameters and aspects of 3D imagebased anatomy, radiation physics, radiobiology // Radiother. Oncol. 2006. Vol. 78. № 1. P. 67–77.Tanderup K., Lindegaard J.C., Kirisits C. et al. Image Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy in Cervix Cancer: A New Paradigm Changing Clinical Practice and Outcome // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 365–369.Tanderup K., Lindegaard J.C., Kirisits C. et al. Image Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy in Cervix Cancer: A New Paradigm Changing Clinical Practice and Outcome // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 365–369.Sturdza A., Pötter R., Fokdal L.U., Haie-Meder C. Image guided brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer: Improved pelvic control and survival in RetroEMBRACE, a multicenter cohort study // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 428–433.Sturdza A., Pötter R., Fokdal L.U., Haie-Meder C. Image guided brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer: Improved pelvic control and survival in RetroEMBRACE, a multicenter cohort study // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 428–433.Fokdal L., Sturdza A., Mazeron R. et al. Image guided adaptive brachytherapy with combined intracavitary and interstitial technique improves the therapeutic ratio in locally advanced cervical cancer: Analysis from the retroEMBRACE study // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 434–440.Fokdal L., Sturdza A., Mazeron R. et al. Image guided adaptive brachytherapy with combined intracavitary and interstitial technique improves the therapeutic ratio in locally advanced cervical cancer: Analysis from the retroEMBRACE study // Radiother. Oncol. 2016. Vol. 120. № 3. P. 434–440.Georg P., Lang S., Dimopoulos J.C. et al. Dose–volume histogram parameters and late side effects in magnetic resonance image-guided adaptive cervical cancer brachytherapy // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2011. Vol. 79. № 2. P. 356–362.Georg P., Lang S., Dimopoulos J.C. et al. Dose–volume histogram parameters and late side effects in magnetic resonance image-guided adaptive cervical cancer brachytherapy // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2011. Vol. 79. № 2. P. 356–362.Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Brachytherapy for Cancer of the Cervix // J/ ICRU. 2013. Vol. 13. № 1–2:NP.Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Brachytherapy for Cancer of the Cervix // J/ ICRU. 2013. Vol. 13. № 1–2:NP.Petric P., Kirisits C. Potential role of TRAns Cervical Endosonography (TRACE) in brachytherapy of cervical cancer: proof of concept // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2016. Vol. 8. № 3. P. 215–220.Petric P., Kirisits C. Potential role of TRAns Cervical Endosonography (TRACE) in brachytherapy of cervical cancer: proof of concept // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2016. Vol. 8. № 3. P. 215–220.Pötter R., Georg P., Dimopoulos J.C., Grimm M. Clinical outcome of protocol based image (MRI) guided adaptive brachytherapy combined with 3D conformal radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2011. Vol. 100. № 1. P. 116–123.Pötter R., Georg P., Dimopoulos J.C., Grimm M. Clinical outcome of protocol based image (MRI) guided adaptive brachytherapy combined with 3D conformal radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2011. Vol. 100. № 1. P. 116–123.Viswanathan A.N., Thomadsen B. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part I: general principles. American Brachytherapy Society Cervical Cancer Recommendations Committee, American Brachytherapy Society // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 33–46.Viswanathan A.N., Thomadsen B. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part I: general principles. American Brachytherapy Society Cervical Cancer Recommendations Committee, American Brachytherapy Society // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 33–46.Viswanathan A.N., Beriwal S., De Los Santos J.F. et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part II: high-dose-rate brachytherapy // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 47–52.Viswanathan A.N., Beriwal S., De Los Santos J.F. et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part II: high-dose-rate brachytherapy // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 47–52.Rijkmans E.C., Nout R.A., Rutten I.H., Ketelaars M. Improved survival of patients with cervical cancer treated with image-guided brachytherapy compared with conventional brachytherapy // Gynecol. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 135. № 2. P. 231–8.Rijkmans E.C., Nout R.A., Rutten I.H., Ketelaars M. Improved survival of patients with cervical cancer treated with image-guided brachytherapy compared with conventional brachytherapy // Gynecol. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 135. № 2. P. 231–8.Гладилина И.А., Шабанов М.А., Федосеенко Д.И. и соавт. Лучевая терапия больных раком левой молочной железы I–IIA стадии после органосохраняющих операций // Злокачественные опухоли. 2017. Т. 7. № 4. С. 5–12.Гладилина И.А., Шабанов М.А., Федосеенко Д.И. и соавт. Лучевая терапия больных раком левой молочной железы I–IIA стадии после органосохраняющих операций // Злокачественные опухоли. 2017. Т. 7. № 4. С. 5–12.Bennion N.R., Baine V., Granatowicz A., Wahl A.O. Accelerated partial breast radiotherapy: a review of the literature and future directions // Gland Surg. 2018. Vol. 7. № 6. P. 596–610.Bennion N.R., Baine V., Granatowicz A., Wahl A.O. Accelerated partial breast radiotherapy: a review of the literature and future directions // Gland Surg. 2018. Vol. 7. № 6. P. 596–610.Skowronek J. Current status of brachytherapy in cancer treatment – short overview // Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2017. Vol. 9. № 6. P. 581–589.Skowronek J. Current status of brachytherapy in cancer treatment – short overview // Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2017. Vol. 9. № 6. P. 581–589.Skowronek J., Chicheł A. Brachytherapy in breast cancer: an effective alternative // Prz. Menopauzalny. 2014. Vol. 13. № 1. P. 48–55.Skowronek J., Chicheł A. Brachytherapy in breast cancer: an effective alternative // Prz. Menopauzalny. 2014. Vol. 13. № 1. P. 48–55.Strnad V., Ott O.J., Hildebrandt G. et al. 5-year results of accelerated partial breast irradiation using sole interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation with boost after breast-conserving surgery for low-risk invasive and in situ carcinoma of the female breast: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial // Lancet. 2016. Vol. 387. P. 229–238.Strnad V., Ott O.J., Hildebrandt G. et al. 5-year results of accelerated partial breast irradiation using sole interstitial multicatheter brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation with boost after breast-conserving surgery for low-risk invasive and in situ carcinoma of the female breast: a randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial // Lancet. 2016. Vol. 387. P. 229–238.Skowronek J., Wawrzyniak-Hojczyk M., Ambrochowicz K. Brachytherapy in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) – review of treatment methods // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 4. № 3. P. 152–164.Skowronek J., Wawrzyniak-Hojczyk M., Ambrochowicz K. Brachytherapy in accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) – review of treatment methods // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 4. № 3. P. 152–164.Strnad V., Major T., Polgar C. et al. ESTRO-ACROP guideline: Interstitial multi-catheter breast brachytherapy as Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation alone or as boost – GEC-ESTRO Breast Cancer Working Group practical recommendations // Radiother. Oncol. 2018. Vol. 128. № 3. P. 411–420.Strnad V., Major T., Polgar C. et al. ESTRO-ACROP guideline: Interstitial multi-catheter breast brachytherapy as Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation alone or as boost – GEC-ESTRO Breast Cancer Working Group practical recommendations // Radiother. Oncol. 2018. Vol. 128. № 3. P. 411–420.Schäfer R., Strnad V., Polgár C. et al. Quality-of-life results for accelerated partial breast irradiation with interstitial brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation in early breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery (GEC-ESTRO): 5-year results of a randomised, phase 3 trial // Lancet Oncol. 2018. Vol. 19. № 6. P. 834–844.Schäfer R., Strnad V., Polgár C. et al. Quality-of-life results for accelerated partial breast irradiation with interstitial brachytherapy versus whole-breast irradiation in early breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery (GEC-ESTRO): 5-year results of a randomised, phase 3 trial // Lancet Oncol. 2018. Vol. 19. № 6. P. 834–844.Wadasadawala T., Sinha S., Verma S. et al. A prospective comparison of subjective and objective assessments of cosmetic outcomes following breast brachytherapy // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2019. Vol. 11. № 3. P. 207–214.Wadasadawala T., Sinha S., Verma S. et al. A prospective comparison of subjective and objective assessments of cosmetic outcomes following breast brachytherapy // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2019. Vol. 11. № 3. P. 207–214.Skowronek J.J. Low-dose-rate or high-dose-rate brachytherapy in treatment of prostate cancer – between options // Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2013. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 33–41.Skowronek J.J. Low-dose-rate or high-dose-rate brachytherapy in treatment of prostate cancer – between options // Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2013. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 33–41.Grimm P., Billiet I., Bostwick D., Dicker AP. Comparative analysis of prostate-specific antigen free survival outcomes for patients with low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer treatment by radical therapy. Results from the Prostate Cancer Results Study Group // BJU Int. 2012. Vol. 109. Suppl 1. P. 22–29.Grimm P., Billiet I., Bostwick D., Dicker AP. Comparative analysis of prostate-specific antigen free survival outcomes for patients with low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer treatment by radical therapy. Results from the Prostate Cancer Results Study Group // BJU Int. 2012. Vol. 109. Suppl 1. P. 22–29.Yoshioka Y., Suzuki O., Otani Y. et al. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer: technique, rationale and perspective // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2014. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 91–98.Yoshioka Y., Suzuki O., Otani Y. et al. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer: technique, rationale and perspective // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2014. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 91–98.Kovács G., Pötter R., Loch T., Hammer J. GEC/ ESTRO-EAU recommendations on temporary brachytherapy using stepping sources for localised prostate cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2005. Vol. 74. № 2. P. 137–148.Kovács G., Pötter R., Loch T., Hammer J. GEC/ ESTRO-EAU recommendations on temporary brachytherapy using stepping sources for localised prostate cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2005. Vol. 74. № 2. P. 137–148.Rivard M.J., Butler W.M., Devlin P.M., Hayes J.K. Jr. American Brachytherapy Society recommends no change for prostate permanent implant dose prescriptions using iodine-125 or palladium-103 // Brachytherapy. 2007. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 34–37.Rivard M.J., Butler W.M., Devlin P.M., Hayes J.K. Jr. American Brachytherapy Society recommends no change for prostate permanent implant dose prescriptions using iodine-125 or palladium-103 // Brachytherapy. 2007. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 34–37.Davis B.J., Horwitz E.M., Lee W.R. et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 6–19.Davis B.J., Horwitz E.M., Lee W.R. et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for transrectal ultrasound-guided permanent prostate brachytherapy // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 1. P. 6–19.Shah C., Lanni T.B. Jr., Ghilezan M.I., Gustafson G.S. Brachytherapy provides comparable outcomes and improved cost–effectiveness in the treatment of low/intermediate prostate cancer // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 6. P. 441–445.Shah C., Lanni T.B. Jr., Ghilezan M.I., Gustafson G.S. Brachytherapy provides comparable outcomes and improved cost–effectiveness in the treatment of low/intermediate prostate cancer // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 6. P. 441–445.Demanes D.J., Ghilezan M.I. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer // Brachytherapy. 2014. Vol. 13. № 6. P. 529–541.Demanes D.J., Ghilezan M.I. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer // Brachytherapy. 2014. Vol. 13. № 6. P. 529–541.Spratt D.E., Pei X., Yamada J. et al. Long-term survival and toxicity in patients treated with high-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2013 Vol. 85. P. 686–692.Spratt D.E., Pei X., Yamada J. et al. Long-term survival and toxicity in patients treated with high-dose intensity modulated radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2013 Vol. 85. P. 686–692.Spratt D.E., Zumsteg Z.S., Ghadjar P. et al. Comparison of high-dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT vs combined brachytherapy plus IMRT for intermediate-risk prostate cancer // BJU Int. 2014. Vol. 114. P. 360–367.Spratt D.E., Zumsteg Z.S., Ghadjar P. et al. Comparison of high-dose (86.4 Gy) IMRT vs combined brachytherapy plus IMRT for intermediate-risk prostate cancer // BJU Int. 2014. Vol. 114. P. 360–367.Shilkrut M., Merrick G.S., McLaughlin P.W. et al. The addition of low-dose-rate brachytherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy decreases biochemical failure and prostate cancer death compared with dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer // Cancer. 2013. Vol. 119. P. 681–690.Shilkrut M., Merrick G.S., McLaughlin P.W. et al. The addition of low-dose-rate brachytherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy decreases biochemical failure and prostate cancer death compared with dose-escalated external-beam radiation therapy for high-risk prostate cancer // Cancer. 2013. Vol. 119. P. 681–690.Hoskin P.J., Rojas A.M., Bownes P.J. et al. Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2012. Vol. 103. P. 217–222.Hoskin P.J., Rojas A.M., Bownes P.J. et al. Randomised trial of external beam radiotherapy alone or combined with high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for localised prostate cancer // Radiother. Oncol. 2012. Vol. 103. P. 217–222.Sathya J.R., Davis I.R., Julian J.A. et al. Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external-beam radiation therapy with external-beam radiation therapy alone in node-negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate // J. Clin. Oncol. 2005. Vol. 23. P. 1192–1199.Sathya J.R., Davis I.R., Julian J.A. et al. Randomized trial comparing iridium implant plus external-beam radiation therapy with external-beam radiation therapy alone in node-negative locally advanced cancer of the prostate // J. Clin. Oncol. 2005. Vol. 23. P. 1192–1199.NCCN Guidelines. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Access: 26 November 2017.NCCN Guidelines. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Access: 26 November 2017.Alam M., Nanda S., Mittal B.B. et al. The use of brachytherapy in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review // J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 2011. Vol. 65. № 2. P. 377–388.Alam M., Nanda S., Mittal B.B. et al. The use of brachytherapy in the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer: a review // J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 2011. Vol. 65. № 2. P. 377–388.Guinota L.G., Rembielakb A., Perez-Calatayud J. et al. GEC-ESTRO ACROP recommendations in skin brachytherapy // Radiother. Oncology. 2018. Vol. 126. Issue 3. P. 377–385.Guinota L.G., Rembielakb A., Perez-Calatayud J. et al. GEC-ESTRO ACROP recommendations in skin brachytherapy // Radiother. Oncology. 2018. Vol. 126. Issue 3. P. 377–385.Guinot J.L., Perez-Calatayud J., van Limbergen E. Skin cancer brachytherapy. Chapter 31: // In: van Limbergen E., Pötter R., Hoskin P., Baltas D., eds. The GEC-ESTRO Handbook of Brachytherapy. 2 nd ed. – Brussels: DOVE platform ESTRO. 2017.Guinot J.L., Perez-Calatayud J., van Limbergen E. Skin cancer brachytherapy. Chapter 31: // In: van Limbergen E., Pötter R., Hoskin P., Baltas D., eds. The GEC-ESTRO Handbook of Brachytherapy. 2 nd ed. – Brussels: DOVE platform ESTRO. 2017.Frakulli R., Galuppi A., Cammelli S. et al. Brachytherapy in non melanoma skin cancer of eyelid: A systematic review // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2015. Vol. 7. № 6. P. 497–502.Frakulli R., Galuppi A., Cammelli S. et al. Brachytherapy in non melanoma skin cancer of eyelid: A systematic review // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2015. Vol. 7. № 6. P. 497–502.Bhatnagar A. Nonmelanoma skin cancer treated with electronic brachytherapy: results at 1 year // Brachytherapy. 2013. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 134–140.Bhatnagar A. Nonmelanoma skin cancer treated with electronic brachytherapy: results at 1 year // Brachytherapy. 2013. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 134–140.Тищенко А.М., Скорый Д.И., Смачило Р.М., Козлова Т.В. Хирургическое лечение хилярной холангиокарциномы: от эпохи Джеральда Клацкина до новой эры комбинированных резекционных вмешательств // Опухоли органов брюшной полости. 2014. №3(15). С. 30–35.Тищенко А.М., Скорый Д.И., Смачило Р.М., Козлова Т.В. Хирургическое лечение хилярной холангиокарциномы: от эпохи Джеральда Клацкина до новой эры комбинированных резекционных вмешательств // Опухоли органов брюшной полости. 2014. №3(15). С. 30–35.Shinohara E.T., Guo M., Mitra N., Metz J.M. Brachytherapy in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2010. Vol. 78. № 3. P. 722–728.Shinohara E.T., Guo M., Mitra N., Metz J.M. Brachytherapy in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2010. Vol. 78. № 3. P. 722–728.Dobelbower R.R., Montemaggi P. Brachytherapy for pancreatic cancer: a review // Hepatogastroenterology. 1996. Vol. 43. № 8. P. 333–337.Dobelbower R.R., Montemaggi P. Brachytherapy for pancreatic cancer: a review // Hepatogastroenterology. 1996. Vol. 43. № 8. P. 333–337.Chen Y., Wang X.L., Yan Z.P. et al. HDR-192 Ir intraluminal brachytherapy in treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice // World J. Gastroenterol. 2004. Vol. 10. № 23. P. 3506–3510.Chen Y., Wang X.L., Yan Z.P. et al. HDR-192 Ir intraluminal brachytherapy in treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice // World J. Gastroenterol. 2004. Vol. 10. № 23. P. 3506–3510.Skowronek J. Bile duct cancer. Chapter 28 // In: Van Limbergen E., Pötter R., Hoskin P., Baltas D., eds. The GEC-ESTRO Handbook of Brachytherapy. 2 nd ed. – Brussels: DOVE platform ESTRO. 2017.Skowronek J. Bile duct cancer. Chapter 28 // In: Van Limbergen E., Pötter R., Hoskin P., Baltas D., eds. The GEC-ESTRO Handbook of Brachytherapy. 2 nd ed. – Brussels: DOVE platform ESTRO. 2017.Skowronek J., Zwierzchowski G. Brachytherapy in the treatment of bile duct cancer – a tough challenge // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2017. Vol. 9. № 2. P. 187–195.Skowronek J., Zwierzchowski G. Brachytherapy in the treatment of bile duct cancer – a tough challenge // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2017. Vol. 9. № 2. P. 187–195.Kovács G., Martinez-Monge R., Budrukkar A. et al. GEC-ESTRO ACROP recommendations for head & neck brachytherapy in squamous cell carcinomas: 1st update – Improvement by cross sectional imaging based treatment planning and stepping source technology // Radiother. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 122. Issue 2. P. 248–254.Kovács G., Martinez-Monge R., Budrukkar A. et al. GEC-ESTRO ACROP recommendations for head & neck brachytherapy in squamous cell carcinomas: 1st update – Improvement by cross sectional imaging based treatment planning and stepping source technology // Radiother. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 122. Issue 2. P. 248–254.Bartochowska A., Wierzbicka M., Skowronek J. et al. High-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy in palliative treatment of head and neck cancers // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 137–143.Bartochowska A., Wierzbicka M., Skowronek J. et al. High-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy in palliative treatment of head and neck cancers // Brachytherapy. 2012. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 137–143.Bartochowska A., Skowronek J., Wierzbicka M. et al. The role of high-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy in the management of recurrent or residual stomal tumor after total laryngectomy // Laryngoscope. 2013. Vol. 123. № 3. P. 657–661.Bartochowska A., Skowronek J., Wierzbicka M. et al. The role of high-dose-rate and pulsed-dose-rate brachytherapy in the management of recurrent or residual stomal tumor after total laryngectomy // Laryngoscope. 2013. Vol. 123. № 3. P. 657–661.Fuccio L., Mandolesi D., Farioli A. et al. Brachytherapy for the palliation of dysphagia owing to esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies // Radiother. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 122. № 3. Р. 332–339.Fuccio L., Mandolesi D., Farioli A. et al. Brachytherapy for the palliation of dysphagia owing to esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies // Radiother. Oncol. 2017. Vol. 122. № 3. Р. 332–339.Spaander M.C., Baron T.H., Siersema P.D. et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline // Endoscopy. 2016 . Vol. 48. № 10. P. 939–948.Spaander M.C., Baron T.H., Siersema P.D. et al. Esophageal stenting for benign and malignant disease: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline // Endoscopy. 2016 . Vol. 48. № 10. P. 939–948.Kim Y.S., Lee C.G., Kim K.H. et al. Re-irradiation of recurrent esophageal cancer after primary definitive radiotherapy // Radiat. Oncol. J. 2012. Vol. 30. № 4. P. 182–188.Kim Y.S., Lee C.G., Kim K.H. et al. Re-irradiation of recurrent esophageal cancer after primary definitive radiotherapy // Radiat. Oncol. J. 2012. Vol. 30. № 4. P. 182–188.Skowronek J., Piotrowski T., Zwierzchowski G. Palliative treatment with high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer // Brachytherapy. 2004. Vol. 3. Р. 87–94.Skowronek J., Piotrowski T., Zwierzchowski G. Palliative treatment with high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer // Brachytherapy. 2004. Vol. 3. Р. 87–94.Minsky B.D., Pajak T.F., Ginsberg R.J. et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy // J. Clin. Oncol. 2002. Vol. 20. № 5. P. 1167–1174.Minsky B.D., Pajak T.F., Ginsberg R.J. et al. INT 0123 (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05) phase III trial of combined-modality therapy for esophageal cancer: high-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy // J. Clin. Oncol. 2002. Vol. 20. № 5. P. 1167–1174.Oppedijk V., van der Gaast A., van Lanschot J.J. et al. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials // J. Clin. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 32 . № 5. P. 385–391.Oppedijk V., van der Gaast A., van Lanschot J.J. et al. Patterns of recurrence after surgery alone versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery in the CROSS trials // J. Clin. Oncol. 2014. Vol. 32 . № 5. P. 385–391.Laskar S.G., Lewis S., Agarwal J.P. et al. Combined brachytherapy and external beam radiation: an effective approach for palliation in esophageal cancer // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2015. Vol. 7. P. 453–461.Laskar S.G., Lewis S., Agarwal J.P. et al. Combined brachytherapy and external beam radiation: an effective approach for palliation in esophageal cancer // J. Contemp. Brachytherapy. 2015. Vol. 7. P. 453–461.Okawa T.I., Dokiya T., Nishio M. et al. Multi-institutional randomized trial of external radiotherapy with and without intraluminal brachytherapy for esophageal cancer in Japan. Japanese Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (JASTRO) Study Group // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999. Vol. 45. № 3. P. 623–628.Okawa T.I., Dokiya T., Nishio M. et al. Multi-institutional randomized trial of external radiotherapy with and without intraluminal brachytherapy for esophageal cancer in Japan. Japanese Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (JASTRO) Study Group // Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999. Vol. 45. № 3. P. 623–628.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.