<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ojrdrt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Онкологический журнал: лучевая диагностика, лучевая терапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of oncology: diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-7593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-167X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО «ОБЩЕСТВО ИНТЕРВЕНЦИОННЫХ ОНКОРАДИОЛОГОВ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37174/2587-7593-2023-6-1-26-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ojrdrt-281</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛУЧЕВАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности применения диффузионно-куртозисной МРТ в дифференциальной диагностике глиальных опухолей головного мозга и солитарных метастазов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Peculiarities of the Application of Diffusion-Curtosis MRI in the Differential Diagnosis of Glial Brain Tumors and Solitary Metastasis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-2753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаранина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garanina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гаранина Наталья Валерьевна — врач-рентгенолог НИИ КиЭР.</p><p>115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Garanina.natalia.v@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-5998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгушин</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgushin</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Долгушин Михаил Борисович — руководитель отдела, заведующий   отделением  рентгенологических и   радионуклидных методов   диагностики   ФЦМН ФМБА России,  врач-рентгенолог, доктор медицинских наук, профессор.</p><p>117513, Москва, улица Островитянова, 1, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>build. 10, 1, Ostrovityanova street, Moscow, 117513</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdolgushin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1295-4106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаптева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapteva</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лаптева Мария Георгиевна — врач-рентгенолог НИИ КиЭР, кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>AuthorID: 1007893</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mglapteva@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3240-5585</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеева</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeeva</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фадеева Людмила Михайловна — ведущий инженер отделения рентгеновских и радиоизотопных методов диагностики НМИЦ нейрохирургии им. ак. Н.Н.Бурденко.</p><p>125047, Москва, 4-я Тверская-Ямская улица, 16</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>16, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya street, Moscow, 125047</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lmf@nsi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0431-2610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сашин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sashin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сашин Денис Вячеславович — врач-рентгенолог НИИ КиЭР НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России, кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">denchegs70@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin National Medical  Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный центр мозга и нейротенологий ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр нейрохирургии им. ак. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Burdenko Neurosurgery Center</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гаранина Н.В., Долгушин М.Б., Лаптева М.Г., Фадеева Л.М., Сашин Д.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаранина Н.В., Долгушин М.Б., Лаптева М.Г., Фадеева Л.М., Сашин Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garanina N.V., Dolgushin M.B., Lapteva M.G., Fadeeva L.M., Sashin D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/281">https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/281</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Повысить качество дифференциальной диагностики глиом  высокой степени злокачественности и солитарных метастазов в головном мозге с помощью  внедрения в протокол МР-сканирования методики диффузионно-куртозисной магнитно-резонансной томографии.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы: В исследование были включены 43 наблюдения пациентов, проходивших обследование и лечение в НМИЦ онкологии им.  Н.Н.  Блохина Минздрава России с октября 2019 по март  2022 гг., у которых по данным  магнитно-резонансной томографии были  выявлены солитарные образования в веществе головного мозга. В общей сложности было обнаружено 43 новообразования в веществе головного мозга, из которых: 17 глиобластом у 17 пациентов (40 %), 25 солитарных метастатических образования рака легкого,  молочной железы,  меланомы и рака почки (60 %). Нами были оценены размеры опухоли, параметры диффузии и куртозиса, такие  как средний куртозис (СК), аксиальный куртозис (АК), радиальный куртозис (РК), куртозисная анизотропия (КА), радиальная диффузия  (РД), фракционная анизотропия (ФА), относительная анизотропия (ОА), извилистость траектории (ИТ).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: Такие  показатели диффузии и куртозиса в зоне  опухолевой  ткани,  как  куртозисная анизотропия (КА), фракционная анизотропия (ФА) и извилистость траектории (ИТ) имели  более высокие значения в глиальных опухолях высокой степени злокачественности по сравнению с солитарными метастазами (р = 0,0168, р = 0,0085 и 0,0067, соответственно).</p><p>Значимых различий в данных  группах по результатам таких  значений диффузии и куртозиса, как средний куртозис (СК), аксиальный куртозис (АК), радиальный куртозис (РК), радиальная диффузия (РД) и относительная анизотропия (ОА), не было выявлено. В нашем  исследовании мы не проводили анализ  показателей куртозиса и диффузии в зависимости от гистологической структуры метастатических образований.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: To improve  the  differential diagnosis of high-grade gliomas  and solitary  metastases by introducing the diffusion-kurtosis magnetic resonance imaging technique into the MRI scan protocol.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods: The study included 43 patients who underwent examination and treatment at the N.N. Blokhin  National Research Medical  Center of Oncology from  October 2019 to March  2022, in which, according to magnetic resonance imaging, solitary  formations in the brain  substance were detected. A total of 43 neoplasms were found  in the substance of the brain,  of which:  17 glioblastomas in 17 patients (40 %), 25 solitary  metastatic tumors of lung,  breast, melanoma and kidney  cancer  (60 %). We evaluated the  tumor size, diffusion and kurtosis parameters, such as mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (AK), radial  kurtosis (RK), kurtosis anisotropy (KA), radial  diffusion (RD), fractional anisotropy (FA), relative  anisotropy (RA), tortuosity of the trajectory (TTD).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results:  Statistically significant differences (р &lt; 0.05) in  such  parameters of diffusion and  kurtosis in the  tumor as kurtosis anisotropy (KA), fractional anisotropy (FA) and tortuosity of the  trajectory (TT) were revealed.  Significant differences between solitary  metastases and malignant glial tumors based  on diffusion and kurtosis values such as mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (AK), radial kurtosis (RK), radial diffusion (RD), and relative  anisotropy (RA) (criteria where р &gt; 0.05) was not detected.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диффузионно-куртозисная МРТ</kwd><kwd>глиальная опухоль высокой степени злокачественности</kwd><kwd>солитарный метастаз</kwd><kwd>диференциальная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diffusion-kurtosis MRI</kwd><kwd>high-grade glial tumor</kwd><kwd>solitary metastasis</kwd><kwd>differential diagnosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soffietti R, Rudà R, Trevisan E. Brain metastases: current management and new developments. Curr Opin Oncol. 2008 Nov;20(6):676-84. DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32831186fe.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soffietti R, Rudà R, Trevisan E. Brain metastases: current management and new developments. Curr Opin Oncol. 2008 Nov;20(6):676-84. DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32831186fe.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бельский КК. Заболеваемость злокачественными глиомами головного мозга в Волгоградской области. Российский онкологический журнал. 2010;(4):39-42. DOI: 10.17816/PED6475-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belsky KK. The incidence of malignant gliomas of the brain in the Volgograd region. Russian Journal of Oncology. 2010;(4):39-42. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17816/PED6475-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Писарев ВБ. Распространенность различных гистологических вариантов опухолей головного мозга в Волгоградской области по данным операционных биопсий за период 2001–2006 гг. Архив патологии. 2008;(4):17-20. DOI: 10.17816/PED6475-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pisarev VB. The prevalence of various histological variants of brain tumors in the Volgograd region according to the data of surgical biopsies for the period 2001–2006. Archive of pathology. 2008;(4):17-20. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17816/PED6475-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020 Oct 30;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1-iv96. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrom QT, Patil N, Cioffi G, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2013-2017. Neuro Oncol. 2020 Oct 30;22(12 Suppl 2):iv1-iv96. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Улитин АЮ, Мацко МВ, Кобяков ГЛ и др. Практические рекомендации по лекарственному лечению первичных опухолей центральной нервной системы. Злокачественные опухоли: Практические рекомендации RUSSCO #3s2,2022 (том 12). 113–140. DOI: 10.18027/2224-5057-2022-12-3s2-113-140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulitin AYu, Matsko MV, Kobyakov GL, et al. Practical recommendations for the treatment of primary tumors of the central nervous system of the Russian Society of Clinical Oncology (RUSSCO). Malignant tumours. 2022;12(3s2-1):113-140. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18027/2224-5057-2022-12-3s2-113-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ammirati M, et al. Central nervous system cancers, version 2.2014. Featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2014 Nov;12(11):1517-23. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2014.0151</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nabors LB, Portnow J, Ammirati M, et al. Central nervous system cancers, version 2.2014. Featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2014 Nov;12(11):1517-23. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2014.0151</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Palmieri D. Central Nervous System Metastasis, the Biological Basis and Clinical Considerations. New York: Springer; 2012. 228 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5291-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palmieri D. Central Nervous System Metastasis, the Biological Basis and Clinical Considerations. New York: Springer; 2012. 228 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5291-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sacks P, Rahman M. Epidemiology of Brain Metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020 Oct;31(4):481-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.06.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sacks P, Rahman M. Epidemiology of Brain Metastases. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2020 Oct;31(4):481-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.06.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алешин ВА, Бекяшев АХ, Белов ДМ и др. Клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению церебральных метастазов злокачественных опухолей. Москва 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleshin VA, Bekyashev AKh, Belov DM, et al. Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral metastases of malignant tumors. Moscow 2014. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee EJ, Ahn KJ, Lee EK, et al. Potential role of advanced MRI techniques for the peritumoural region in differentiating glioblastoma multiforme and solitary metastatic lesions. Clin Radiol. 2013 Dec;68(12):e689-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.06.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee EJ, Ahn KJ, Lee EK, et al. Potential role of advanced MRI techniques for the peritumoural region in differentiating glioblastoma multiforme and solitary metastatic lesions. Clin Radiol. 2013 Dec;68(12):e689-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2013.06.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Byrnes TJ, Barrick TR, Bell BA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging discriminates between glioblastoma and cerebral metastases in vivo. NMR Biomed. 2011 Jan;24(1):54-60. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byrnes TJ, Barrick TR, Bell BA, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging discriminates between glioblastoma and cerebral metastases in vivo. NMR Biomed. 2011 Jan;24(1):54-60. DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen JH, Helpern JA, Ramani A, et al. Diffusional kurtosis imaging: the quantification of non-gaussian water diffusion by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Jun;53(6):1432-40. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20508.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen JH, Helpern JA, Ramani A, et al. Diffusional kurtosis imaging: the quantification of non-gaussian water diffusion by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Jun;53(6):1432-40. DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20508.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steven AJ, Zhuo J, Melhem ER. Diffusion kurtosis imaging: an emerging technique for evaluating the microstructural environment of the brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014 Jan;202(1):W26-33. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.13.11365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steven AJ, Zhuo J, Melhem ER. Diffusion kurtosis imaging: an emerging technique for evaluating the microstructural environment of the brain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014 Jan;202(1):W26-33. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.13.11365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hui ES, Cheung MM, Qi L, Wu EX. Towards better MR characterization of neural tissues using directional diffusion kurtosis analysis. Neuroimage. 2008 Aug 1;42(1):122-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hui ES, Cheung MM, Qi L, Wu EX. Towards better MR characterization of neural tissues using directional diffusion kurtosis analysis. Neuroimage. 2008 Aug 1;42(1):122-34. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helpern JA, Adisetiyo V, Falangola MF, et al. Preliminary evidence of altered gray and white matter microstructural development in the frontal lobe of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Jan;33(1):17-23. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helpern JA, Adisetiyo V, Falangola MF, et al. Preliminary evidence of altered gray and white matter microstructural development in the frontal lobe of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Jan;33(1):17-23. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова НЕ, Потапов АА, Пронин ИН и др. Изменения параметров диффузионно-куртозисной МРТ у пациентов с диффузным аксональным повреждением. Вопросы нейрохирургии имени Н.Н. Бурденко. 2019;83(3):5-16. DOI: 10.17116/neiro2019830315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharova NE, Potapov AA, Pronin IN, et al. Diffusion kurtosis imaging in diffuse axonal injury. N.N. Burdenko Issues of Neurosurgery. 2019;83(3):5-16. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17116/neiro2019830315.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raab P, Hattingen E, Franz K, et al. Cerebral gliomas: diffusional kurtosis imaging analysis of microstructural differences. Radiology. 2010 Mar;254(3):876-81. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raab P, Hattingen E, Franz K, et al. Cerebral gliomas: diffusional kurtosis imaging analysis of microstructural differences. Radiology. 2010 Mar;254(3):876-81. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09090819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Cauter S, Veraart J, Sijbers J, et al. Gliomas: diffusion kurtosis MR imaging in grading. Radiology. 2012 May;263(2):492-501. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12110927.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Cauter S, Veraart J, Sijbers J, et al. Gliomas: diffusion kurtosis MR imaging in grading. Radiology. 2012 May;263(2):492-501. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12110927.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Cauter S, De Keyzer F, Sima DM, et al. Integrating diffusion kurtosis imaging, dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI, and short echo time chemical shift imaging for grading gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2014 Jul;16(7):1010-21. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Cauter S, De Keyzer F, Sima DM, et al. Integrating diffusion kurtosis imaging, dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced MRI, and short echo time chemical shift imaging for grading gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2014 Jul;16(7):1010-21. DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Hildebrand J. Brain metastases. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;121:1143-57. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00077-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Hildebrand J. Brain metastases. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;121:1143-57. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00077-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ostrom QT, Wright CH, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Brain metastases: epidemiology. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;149:27-42. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811161-1.00002-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ostrom QT, Wright CH, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. Brain metastases: epidemiology. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;149:27-42. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811161-1.00002-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langley RR, Fidler IJ. The biology of brain metastasis. Clin Chem. 2013 Jan;59(1):180-9. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.193342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langley RR, Fidler IJ. The biology of brain metastasis. Clin Chem. 2013 Jan;59(1):180-9. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.193342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeshima H, Kuratsu J, Nishi T, Ushio Y. Prognostic factors in patients who survived more than 10 years after undergoing surgery for metastatic brain tumors: report of 5 cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2002 Aug;58(2):118-23; discussion 123. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(02)00753-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeshima H, Kuratsu J, Nishi T, Ushio Y. Prognostic factors in patients who survived more than 10 years after undergoing surgery for metastatic brain tumors: report of 5 cases and review of the literature. Surg Neurol. 2002 Aug;58(2):118-23; discussion 123. DOI: 10.1016/s0090-3019(02)00753-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baliyan V, Das CJ, Sharma R, Gupta AK. Diffusion weighted imaging: Technique and applications. World J Radiol. 2016 Sep 28;8(9):785-98. DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i9.785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baliyan V, Das CJ, Sharma R, Gupta AK. Diffusion weighted imaging: Technique and applications. World J Radiol. 2016 Sep 28;8(9):785-98. DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i9.785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambron J, Rakotonjanahary J, Loisel D, et al. Can we improve accuracy and reliability of MRI interpretation in children with optic pathway glioma? Proposal for a reproducible imaging classification. Neuroradiology 2016;58(2):197-208. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1612-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambron J, Rakotonjanahary J, Loisel D, et al. Can we improve accuracy and reliability of MRI interpretation in children with optic pathway glioma? Proposal for a reproducible imaging classification. Neuroradiology 2016;58(2):197-208. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1612-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kälin RE, Cai L, Li Y. TAMEP are brain tumor parenchymal cells controlling neoplastic angiogenesis and progression. Cell Syst. 2021 Mar 17;12(3):248-62. e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.01.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kälin RE, Cai L, Li Y. TAMEP are brain tumor parenchymal cells controlling neoplastic angiogenesis and progression. Cell Syst. 2021 Mar 17;12(3):248-62. e7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.01.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации «Первичные опухоли центральной нервной системы» под ред. А.Д. Каприна, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical Guidelines “Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System”. Ed. by A.D. Kaprin, 2020. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holly KS, Barker BJ, Murcia D, et al. High-grade Gliomas Exhibit Higher Peritumoral Fractional Anisotropy and Lower Mean Diffusivity than Intracranial Metastases. Front Surg. 2017 Apr 10;4:18. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holly KS, Barker BJ, Murcia D, et al. High-grade Gliomas Exhibit Higher Peritumoral Fractional Anisotropy and Lower Mean Diffusivity than Intracranial Metastases. Front Surg. 2017 Apr 10;4:18. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Okaili RN, Krejza J, Wang S, et al. Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intraaxial brain tumors in adults. Radiographics. 2006 Oct;26 Suppl 1:S173-89. DOI: 10.1148/rg.26si065513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Okaili RN, Krejza J, Wang S, et al. Advanced MR imaging techniques in the diagnosis of intraaxial brain tumors in adults. Radiographics. 2006 Oct;26 Suppl 1:S173-89. DOI: 10.1148/rg.26si065513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavlisa G, Rados M, Pavlisa G, et al. The differences of water diffusion between brain tissue infiltrated by tumor and peritumoral vasogenic edema. Clin Imaging. 2009 Mar-Apr;33(2):96-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2008.06.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlisa G, Rados M, Pavlisa G, et al. The differences of water diffusion between brain tissue infiltrated by tumor and peritumoral vasogenic edema. Clin Imaging. 2009 Mar-Apr;33(2):96-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2008.06.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsougos I, Svolos P, Kousi E, et al. Differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme from metastatic brain tumor using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion metrics at 3 T. Cancer Imaging. 2012 Oct 26;12(3):423-36. DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0038.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsougos I, Svolos P, Kousi E, et al. Differentiation of glioblastoma multiforme from metastatic brain tumor using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion metrics at 3 T. Cancer Imaging. 2012 Oct 26;12(3):423-36. DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0038.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helpern JA, Adisetiyo V, Falangola MF, et al. Preliminary evidence of altered gray and white matter microstructural development in the frontal lobe of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Jan;33(1):17-23. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22397.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helpern JA, Adisetiyo V, Falangola MF, et al. Preliminary evidence of altered gray and white matter microstructural development in the frontal lobe of adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Jan;33(1):17-23. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22397.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
