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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ojrdrt</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Онкологический журнал: лучевая диагностика, лучевая терапия</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of oncology: diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-7593</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2713-167X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО «ОБЩЕСТВО ИНТЕРВЕНЦИОННЫХ ОНКОРАДИОЛОГОВ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.37174/2587-7593-2023-6-1-9-18</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ojrdrt-279</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛУЧЕВАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADIOTHERAPY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование неравномерного пространственного подведения дозы при лучевой терапии опухолей и обсуждаемые механизмы расширения терапевтического интервала</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Spatial Fractionation in Tumor Radiotherapy and Discussed Mechanisms of the Therapeutic Window Extension</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-3813</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вайнсон</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wainson</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вайнсон Адольф Адольфович — главный научный консультант лаборатории радионуклидных и лучевых технологий в экспериментальной онкологии отдела радиоизотопной диагностики и терапии НИИ клинической и экспериментальной радиологии НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России, доктор биологических наук, профессор.</p><p>115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 6602946829</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">wainson@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-7854</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovieva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соловьева Елена Викторовна — младший научный сотрудник, кандидат медицинских наук.</p><p>115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24, Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow, 115478</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.v.solovieva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin  National Medical  Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>18</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вайнсон А.А., Соловьева Е.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вайнсон А.А., Соловьева Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Wainson A.A., Solovieva E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/279">https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/279</self-uri><abstract><p>Облучение зоны  опухолевого очага  через  т.н. решетчатую диафрагму с целью  снижения степени поражения нормальных тканей при  сохранении той  же степени поражения неопластической ткани, что и при равномерном пространственном распределении дозы, применяется в лучевой терапии в течение  многих  десятилетий. В последние годы  положительный эффект  продемонстрирован при  использовании синхротронного излучения и пучков ускоренных протонов с полями облучения шириной в доли миллиметра и с такими же расстояниями между  ними.  Меньшее поражение кожи  при сохранении  требуемого уровня эрадикации крупных новообразований в случае рентгеновского и гамма-облучения  через  решетчатые диафрагмы частично может  быть  объяснено особенностями физического распределения дозы  по глубине  облучаемой ткани,  а именно «слиянием» полей  на глубине.  А хорошие результаты от использования создаваемой современными источниками излучения «гребенки» из «сверхмалых»  по размерам радиационных полей,  когда  выявляется принципиальное различие между опухолью и любой нормальной тканью,  выражающееся в сохранении уровня  поражения опухоли при оставлении в ней перемежающихся зон с меньшей поглощенной дозой,  чем при  равномерном облучении,  привлекло внимание к радиобиологическим вопросам. Речь  идет  о роли  т.н. «коммунального эффекта/эффекта свидетеля»,  влиянии излучения на иммунологические процессы, а также  на отличия  в поражении и восстановления микрососудистой сети  в нормальной и опухолевой  ткани.  Хотя по  экспериментальному изучению  эффективности «пространственного фракционирования» дозы  и рассмотрению радиобиологических механизмов расширения «терапевтического интервала» имеются многочисленные публикации, ясности в причинах различия между  реакциями в нормальных тканях и в опухоли пока нет. Целью данного обзора  является систематизация имеющихся данных  по клиническому  и экспериментальному изучению  эффективности «пространственного фракционирования» и различных объяснений его преимуществ перед обычным, равномерным пространственным распределением дозы.  Рассмотрены вопросы сочетания неравномерного пространственного облучения с облучением со сверхвысокой мощностью подведения дозы — ФЛЭШ-облучением. Отдельное внимание уделено  вопросам пространственного фракционирования при облучении опухолей  на установках нового поколения, в том числе с помощью  узких пучков на протонных ускорителях, уже используемых и создаваемых в нашей стране.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Irradiation of the  tumor through the  ridge  filters  in order  to reduce  the  damage of the  normal tissues while maintaining the same damage to the neoplastic tissue  as with uniform field is used for many decades. In recent years, a positive effect has been demonstrated using synchrotron radiation and beams of accelerated protons with radiation fields diminished to 25-100 micrometers with the same distances between them.  Less skin  damage achieved while  maintaining the  required level of large  neoplasms eradication in the  case  of X-ray and gamma  irradiation through ridge  filters  can be partially explained by the features of the physical distribution of the dose over the depth of the irradiated tissue,  namely, the “merging” of fields at depth. But the  good  results from  the  use of the  ‘hills and  valleys’ in radiation fields  created by the  modern radiation sources  have attracted attention to radiobiological issues for explaining the principal differences in reaction to  spatial fractionation of the  absorbed dose  between tumor and  normal tissues. We  are  talking about the  role  of the  so-called ‘communal effect/bystander effect’, the  effect  of radiation on the  immunological processes, the  differences in damage and  restoration of the  microvasculature in normal and  tumor tissue, etc. Although there  is the lot of publications concerning experimental studies of the effectiveness of ‘spatial dose fractionation’, as well as those  considering radiobiological mechanisms of the  observed expansion of the ‘therapeutic interval’, there  is still no clarity in this issue. The purpose of this review is to systematize the available data on the clinical  and experimental confirmation of the effectiveness of ‘spatial fractionation’ and the  various  explanations of its  advantages over conventional, uniform dose  distribution. Special  attention is paid  to the  issues  of combination of spatial fractionation with  superhigh dose rate  irradiation (FLASH-radiotherapy) on the  new  radiation facilities, including proton accelerators, which  are  now  in use in this country.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>опухоли</kwd><kwd>«пространственное фракционирование»</kwd><kwd>расширение терапевтического интервала</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiotherapy</kwd><kwd>tumors</kwd><kwd>spatial fractionation</kwd><kwd>augmentation of the therapeutic window</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griffin RJ, Ahmed MM, Amendola B, et al. Understanding high-dose, ultra-high dose-rate and spatially fractionated radiotherapy. Journal Preproof. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020, S0360301620309585. 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