ojrdrtОнкологический журнал: лучевая диагностика, лучевая терапияJournal of oncology: diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy2587-75932713-167XНЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО «ОБЩЕСТВО ИНТЕРВЕНЦИОННЫХ ОНКОРАДИОЛОГОВ»10.37174/2587-7593-2021-4-1-74-93ojrdrt-159Research ArticleПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕPROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONПроксимальные внепеченочные желчные протоки с органной позиции. Обзор литературыProximal Extrahepatic Bile Ducts: Comprehensive ReviewШориковМ. А.ShorikovM. A.

врач-рентгенолог рентгенодиагностического отделения,

115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

24 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115478

mshorikov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0927-6885СергееваО. Н.SergeevaO. N.

кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории интервенционной радиологии, врач-рентгенолог рентгенодиагностического отделения,

115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

24 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115478

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-1299ЛаптеваМ. Г.LaptevaM. G.

аспирант, врач-рентгенолог рентгенодиагностического отделения,

115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

24 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115478

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-8236ПерегудовН. А.PeregudovN. A.

врач-ординатор отделения рентгенэндоваскулярных методов диагностики и лечения,

115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

24 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115478

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7185-7165ДолгушинБ. И.DolgushinB. I.

доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор НИИ клинической и  экспериментальной радиологии,

115478, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24

24 Kashirskoye Highway, Moscow 115478

Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of OncologyRussian Federation202112042021417493Copyright © Шориков М.А., Сергеева О.Н., Лаптева М.Г., Перегудов Н.А., Долгушин Б.И., 20212021Шориков М.А., Сергеева О.Н., Лаптева М.Г., Перегудов Н.А., Долгушин Б.И.Shorikov M.A., Sergeeva O.N., Lapteva M.G., Peregudov N.A., Dolgushin B.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.oncoradjournal.ru/jour/article/view/159

Проксимальные внепеченочные желчные протоки — это сегмент билиарного дерева в формальных границах от впадения пузырного протока в гепатикохоледох до деления долевых печеночных протоков на секторальные. Хотя они являются объектом пристального внимания специалистов нескольких клинических специальностей — лучевых диагностов, интервенционных радиологов, эндоскопистов, гепатобилиарных хирургов и трансплантологов, — в доступной литературе, как это ни странно, до сих отсутствует их полноценное описание с органной позиции. Чаще всего конфлюенс желчных протоков упрощенно рассматривается как группа сливающихся примитивно организованных трубчатых структур, обеспечивающих пассивный ток секрета печени, а представления о его эмбриональном развитии, вариантной анатомии, иннервации, кровоснабжении, венозном и лимфооттоке носят самый общий характер. В настоящем обзоре сводится воедино и систематизируется разрозненная информация из различных источников о строении и функции этого участка желчевыводящей системы. Уникальная организация проксимальных внепеченочных желчных протоков, имеющая целый ряд отклонений от классического устройства полого органа, позволяет обеспечивать им протекание желчи — вязкой химически агрессивной из-за наличия детергентов и высокого (порядка 8,0) щелочного рН жидкости — под повышенным в сравнении с остальным билиарным деревом давлением на стенки. 

Proximal extrahepatic bile ducts are the biliary tree segment within formal boundaries from cystic ductcommon hepatic duct junction to sectoral hepatic ducts. Despite being a focus of attention of diagnostic and interventional radiologists, endoscopists, hepatobiliary surgeons and transplantologists they weren’t comprehensively described in available papers. The majority of the authors regard bile duct confluence as a group of merging primitively arranged tubes providing bile flow. The information on the proximal extrahepatic bile duct embryonal development, variant anatomy, innervation, arterial, venous and lymphatic supply is too general and not detailed. The present review brought together and systemized exiting to the date data on anatomy and function of this biliary tract portion. Unique, different from the majority of hollow organs organization of the proximal extrahepatic bile duct adapts them to the flow of the bile, i.e. viscous aggressive due to pH about 8.0 and detergents fluid, under higher wall pressure than in other parts of biliary tree. 

желчные протокианатомиятип конфлюенсастроениежелчьbile ductsanatomydiagnosticsbile duct confluencestructurebileReferencesSaha SK, Zhu AX, Fuchs CS, Brooks GA. FortyYear Trends in Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence in the U.S.: Intrahepatic Disease on the Rise. The Oncologist. 2016;21(5):594-9. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0446.Saha SK, Zhu AX, Fuchs CS, Brooks GA. FortyYear Trends in Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence in the U.S.: Intrahepatic Disease on the Rise. The Oncologist. 2016;21(5):594-9. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0446.Hang H, Jeong S, Sha M, Kong D, Xi Z, Tong Y, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: anatomical locationdependent clinical, prognostic, and genetic disparities. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2019;7(23):744. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.37.Hang H, Jeong S, Sha M, Kong D, Xi Z, Tong Y, et al. Cholangiocarcinoma: anatomical locationdependent clinical, prognostic, and genetic disparities. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2019;7(23):744. DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.12.37.Rizvi S, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, Kelley RK, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma — evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(2):95-111. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.157.Rizvi S, Khan SA, Hallemeier CL, Kelley RK, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma — evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15(2):95-111. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.157.Waseem D, Tushar P. Intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma: Management and outcomes. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16(1):133-9. DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1226927.Waseem D, Tushar P. Intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma: Management and outcomes. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16(1):133-9. DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1226927.Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am J Med. 1965;38:241-56. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90178-6.Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am J Med. 1965;38:241-56. DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(65)90178-6.Jorgensen MJ. The ductal plate malformation. A study of the intrahepatic bile duct lesion in infantile polycystic disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis. Actn Puthol Microbiol Scurtd [Sitppl]. 1977;257:1-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.hepres.2006.02.004.Jorgensen MJ. The ductal plate malformation. A study of the intrahepatic bile duct lesion in infantile polycystic disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis. Actn Puthol Microbiol Scurtd [Sitppl]. 1977;257:1-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.hepres.2006.02.004.Tan CE, Moscoso GJ. The developing human biliary system at the porta hepatis level between 29 days and 8 weeks of gestation: a way to understanding biliary atresia. Part 1. Pathology International. 1994;44(8):587-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb01719.x.Tan CE, Moscoso GJ. The developing human biliary system at the porta hepatis level between 29 days and 8 weeks of gestation: a way to understanding biliary atresia. Part 1. Pathology International. 1994;44(8):587-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1994.tb01719.x.Tan CE, Vijayan V. New clues for the developing human biliary system at the porta hepatis. J HepatoBiliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2001;8(4):295-302. DOI: 10.1007/s005340170001.Tan CE, Vijayan V. New clues for the developing human biliary system at the porta hepatis. J HepatoBiliary-Pancreatic Surgery. 2001;8(4):295-302. DOI: 10.1007/s005340170001.Hammar JA. Über die erste Enstehung der nicht kapillaren intrahepatischen Gallengänge beim menshen. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch. 1926;5:59-89.Hammar JA. Über die erste Enstehung der nicht kapillaren intrahepatischen Gallengänge beim menshen. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch. 1926;5:59-89.Desmet VJ. Pathogenesis of ductal plate malformation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(s7):S356-S60.Desmet VJ. Pathogenesis of ductal plate malformation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(s7):S356-S60.Desmet VJ. Ludwig symposium on biliary disorders--part I. Pathogenesis of ductal plate abnormalities. Mayo Clinic Proceed. 1998;73(1):80- 9. DOI: 10.4065/73.1.80.Desmet VJ. Ludwig symposium on biliary disorders--part I. Pathogenesis of ductal plate abnormalities. Mayo Clinic Proceed. 1998;73(1):80- 9. DOI: 10.4065/73.1.80.Roskams T, Desmet V. Embryology of Extraand Intrahepatic Bile Ducts, the Ductal plate. Anatomical Record. 2008;291(6):628-35. DOI: 10.1002/ar.20710.Roskams T, Desmet V. Embryology of Extraand Intrahepatic Bile Ducts, the Ductal plate. Anatomical Record. 2008;291(6):628-35. DOI: 10.1002/ar.20710.Shiojiri N, Katayama H. Secondary joining of the bile ducts during the hepatogenesis of the mouse embryo. Anatomy and Embryology. 1987;177(2):153- 63. DOI: 10.1007/BF00572540.Shiojiri N, Katayama H. Secondary joining of the bile ducts during the hepatogenesis of the mouse embryo. Anatomy and Embryology. 1987;177(2):153- 63. DOI: 10.1007/BF00572540.Anderson JB, Cooper MJ, Williamson RC. Adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1985;67(3):139-43.Anderson JB, Cooper MJ, Williamson RC. Adenocarcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary tree. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1985;67(3):139-43.Huang TL, Cheng YF, Chen CL, Chen TY, Lee TY. Variants of the bile ducts: clinical application in the potential donor of living-related hepatic transplantation. Transplantation Proc. 1996;28(3):1669-70. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-008-0365-y.Huang TL, Cheng YF, Chen CL, Chen TY, Lee TY. Variants of the bile ducts: clinical application in the potential donor of living-related hepatic transplantation. Transplantation Proc. 1996;28(3):1669-70. DOI: 10.1007/s00276-008-0365-y.Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Kalles V, Papatheodorou K, Goutas N, Papapanagiotou I, Flessas I, et al. Anatomic Variations of the Right Hepatic Duct: Results and Surgical Implications from a Cadaveric Study. Anatomy Res Internat. 2012;2012:5. DOI:10.1155/2012/838179.Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Kalles V, Papatheodorou K, Goutas N, Papapanagiotou I, Flessas I, et al. Anatomic Variations of the Right Hepatic Duct: Results and Surgical Implications from a Cadaveric Study. Anatomy Res Internat. 2012;2012:5. DOI:10.1155/2012/838179.Nakamura T, Tanaka K, Kiuchi T, Kasahara M, Oike F, Ueda M, et al. Anatomical variations and surgical strategies in right lobe living donor liver transplantation: lessons from 120 cases. Transplantation. 2002;73(12):1896-903. DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206270-00008.Nakamura T, Tanaka K, Kiuchi T, Kasahara M, Oike F, Ueda M, et al. Anatomical variations and surgical strategies in right lobe living donor liver transplantation: lessons from 120 cases. Transplantation. 2002;73(12):1896-903. DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200206270-00008.Takeishi K, Shirabe K, Yoshida Y, Tsutsui Y, Kurihara T, Kimura K, et al. Correlation Between Portal Vein Anatomy and Bile Duct Variation in 407 Living Liver Donors. Am J Transplantation. 2015;15(1):155-60. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12965.Takeishi K, Shirabe K, Yoshida Y, Tsutsui Y, Kurihara T, Kimura K, et al. Correlation Between Portal Vein Anatomy and Bile Duct Variation in 407 Living Liver Donors. Am J Transplantation. 2015;15(1):155-60. DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12965.Deka P, Islam M, Jindal D, Kumar N, Arora A, Negi SS. Analysis of biliary anatomy according to different classification systems. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2014;33(1):23-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12664-013-0371-9.Deka P, Islam M, Jindal D, Kumar N, Arora A, Negi SS. Analysis of biliary anatomy according to different classification systems. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2014;33(1):23-30. DOI: 10.1007/s12664-013-0371-9.Han IW, Jang J-Y, Kang MJ, Kwon W, Park JW, Chang YR, et al. Role of resection for Bismuth type IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma and analysis of determining factors for curative resection. Ann Surgical Treatment Res. 2014;87(2):87-93. DOI: 10.4174/astr.2014.87.2.87.Han IW, Jang J-Y, Kang MJ, Kwon W, Park JW, Chang YR, et al. Role of resection for Bismuth type IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma and analysis of determining factors for curative resection. Ann Surgical Treatment Res. 2014;87(2):87-93. DOI: 10.4174/astr.2014.87.2.87.Ji GW, Zhu FP, Wang K, Jiao CY, Shao ZC, Li XC. Clinical Implications of Biliary Confluence Pattern for Bismuth-Corlette Type IV Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Applied to Hemihepatectomy. J Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2017;21(4):666-75. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3377-2.Ji GW, Zhu FP, Wang K, Jiao CY, Shao ZC, Li XC. Clinical Implications of Biliary Confluence Pattern for Bismuth-Corlette Type IV Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Applied to Hemihepatectomy. J Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2017;21(4):666-75. DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3377-2.van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ. Changing perspectives in the assessment of resectability of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(7):1969-71. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9394- 8.van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ. Changing perspectives in the assessment of resectability of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(7):1969-71. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9394- 8.Banales JM, Huebert RC, Karlsen T, Strazzabosco M. Cholangiocyte Pathobiology. 2019;16(5):269-81. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0125-y.Banales JM, Huebert RC, Karlsen T, Strazzabosco M. Cholangiocyte Pathobiology. 2019;16(5):269-81. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0125-y.Takasaki S, Hano H. Three-dimensional observations of the human hepatic artery: (Arterial system in the liver). J Hepatology. 2001;34(3):455-66. DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840050318.Takasaki S, Hano H. Three-dimensional observations of the human hepatic artery: (Arterial system in the liver). J Hepatology. 2001;34(3):455-66. DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840050318.Ramesh Babu CS, Sharma M. Biliary Tract Anatomy and its Relationship with Venous Drainage. J Clin Exper Hepatology. 2014;4:S18-S26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.05.002.Ramesh Babu CS, Sharma M. Biliary Tract Anatomy and its Relationship with Venous Drainage. J Clin Exper Hepatology. 2014;4:S18-S26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2013.05.002.Deltenre P, Valla DC. Ischemic cholangiopathy. Seminars in Liver Disease. 2008;28(3):235-46. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31424-2_5.Deltenre P, Valla DC. Ischemic cholangiopathy. Seminars in Liver Disease. 2008;28(3):235-46. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31424-2_5.Rath AM, Zhang J, Bourdelat D, Chevrel JP. Arterial vascularisation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy: SRA. 1993;15(2):105-11. DOI: 10.1007/BF01628308.Rath AM, Zhang J, Bourdelat D, Chevrel JP. Arterial vascularisation of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy: SRA. 1993;15(2):105-11. DOI: 10.1007/BF01628308.Chen WJ, Ying DJ, Liu ZJ, He ZP. Analysis of the arterial supply of the extrahepatic bile ducts and its clinical significance. Clinical Anatomy (New York, NY). 1999;12(4):245-9. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:43.0.CO;2-W.Chen WJ, Ying DJ, Liu ZJ, He ZP. Analysis of the arterial supply of the extrahepatic bile ducts and its clinical significance. Clinical Anatomy (New York, NY). 1999;12(4):245-9. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1999)12:43.0.CO;2-W.Parke WW, Michels NA, Ghosh GM. Blood supply of the common bile duct. Surgery, Gynecology &Amp; Obstetrics. 1963;117:47-55.Parke WW, Michels NA, Ghosh GM. Blood supply of the common bile duct. Surgery, Gynecology &Amp; Obstetrics. 1963;117:47-55.Northover JM, Terblanche J. A new look at the arterial supply of the bile duct in man and its surgical implications. Br J Surg. 1979;66(6):379-84. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800660603.Northover JM, Terblanche J. A new look at the arterial supply of the bile duct in man and its surgical implications. Br J Surg. 1979;66(6):379-84. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800660603.Northover J, Terblanche J. Bile duct blood supply. Its importance in human liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1978;26(1):67-9.Northover J, Terblanche J. Bile duct blood supply. Its importance in human liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1978;26(1):67-9.Couinaud C. The parabiliary venous system. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy: SRA. 1988;10(4):311-6.Couinaud C. The parabiliary venous system. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy: SRA. 1988;10(4):311-6.Vellar ID. Preliminary study of the anatomy of the venous drainage of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and its relevance to the practice of hepatobiliary surgery. ANZ J Surgery. 2001;71(7):418-22. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1622.2001.02150.x.Vellar ID. Preliminary study of the anatomy of the venous drainage of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and its relevance to the practice of hepatobiliary surgery. ANZ J Surgery. 2001;71(7):418-22. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1622.2001.02150.x.Saint JH. The epicholedochal venous plexus and its importance as a means of identifying the common duct during operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Br J Surg. 1961;48:489-98. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.18004821104.Saint JH. The epicholedochal venous plexus and its importance as a means of identifying the common duct during operations on the extrahepatic biliary tract. Br J Surg. 1961;48:489-98. DOI: 10.1002/bjs.18004821104.Petren T. Die extrahepatischen Gallenwegsvenenund ihre pathologische-anatomische Bedeutung [The veins of the extrahepatic biliary system and their pathologic-anatomic significance]. Verh Anat Ges. 1932;41:139-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2016.05.009.Petren T. Die extrahepatischen Gallenwegsvenenund ihre pathologische-anatomische Bedeutung [The veins of the extrahepatic biliary system and their pathologic-anatomic significance]. Verh Anat Ges. 1932;41:139-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2016.05.009.Yong TL, Houli N, Christophi C. Anatomy of hepatic lymphatics and its implications in hepatic malignancies. ANZ J Surgery. 2016;86(11):868-73. DOI: 10.1111/ans.13829.Yong TL, Houli N, Christophi C. Anatomy of hepatic lymphatics and its implications in hepatic malignancies. ANZ J Surgery. 2016;86(11):868-73. DOI: 10.1111/ans.13829.Korita PV, Wakai T, Shirai Y, Sakata J, Takizawa K, Cruz PV, et al. Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion independently predicts poor survival and recurrences after hepatectomy in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(12):3472-80. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9594-2.Korita PV, Wakai T, Shirai Y, Sakata J, Takizawa K, Cruz PV, et al. Intrahepatic lymphatic invasion independently predicts poor survival and recurrences after hepatectomy in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14(12):3472-80. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9594-2.Ren K, Yi S-Q, Dai Y, Kurosawa K, Miwa Y, Sato I. Clinical anatomy of the anterior and posterior hepatic plexuses, including relations with the pancreatic plexus: A cadaver study. Clinical Anatomy.n/a(n/a). DOI:10.1002/ca.23470.Ren K, Yi S-Q, Dai Y, Kurosawa K, Miwa Y, Sato I. Clinical anatomy of the anterior and posterior hepatic plexuses, including relations with the pancreatic plexus: A cadaver study. Clinical Anatomy.n/a(n/a). DOI:10.1002/ca.23470.Burnett W, Gairns FW, Bacsich P. Some observations on the innervation of the extrahepatic biliary system in man. Ann Surg. 1964;159(1):8-26. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196401000-00002.Burnett W, Gairns FW, Bacsich P. Some observations on the innervation of the extrahepatic biliary system in man. Ann Surg. 1964;159(1):8-26. DOI: 10.1097/00000658-196401000-00002.Karm MH, Cho HS, Lee JY, Bae HY, Ahn HS, Kim YJ, et al. A case report: Clinical application of celiac plexus block in bile duct interventional procedures. Medicine. 2016;95(27):e4106. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004106.Karm MH, Cho HS, Lee JY, Bae HY, Ahn HS, Kim YJ, et al. A case report: Clinical application of celiac plexus block in bile duct interventional procedures. Medicine. 2016;95(27):e4106. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004106.Struller F, Weinreich F-J, Horvath P, Kokkalis M-K, Beckert S, Königsrainer A, et al. Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy. Pleura and Peritoneum. 2017. 153 p. DOI: 10.1515/pp-2017-0024.Struller F, Weinreich F-J, Horvath P, Kokkalis M-K, Beckert S, Königsrainer A, et al. Peritoneal innervation: embryology and functional anatomy. Pleura and Peritoneum. 2017. 153 p. DOI: 10.1515/pp-2017-0024.Berthoud H-R. Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 2004;280A(1):827-35.Berthoud H-R. Anatomy and function of sensory hepatic nerves. The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. 2004;280A(1):827-35.Mills SE. Histology for pathologists Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. Available from: http://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/145111303X.Mills SE. Histology for pathologists Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. Available from: http://www.r2library.com/Resource/Title/145111303X.Faarup P, Jorgensen M, Holm-Nielsen A. Functional structure of the rat liver. Influence of different types of preparation. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology. 1974;82(1):7-12.Faarup P, Jorgensen M, Holm-Nielsen A. Functional structure of the rat liver. Influence of different types of preparation. Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology. 1974;82(1):7-12.Sweet JE. The gall-bladder: Its past, present, and future. BJS (Br J Surg). 1924;12(46):405-12.Sweet JE. The gall-bladder: Its past, present, and future. BJS (Br J Surg). 1924;12(46):405-12.de Jong IEM, Matton APM, van Praagh JB, van Haaften WT, Wiersema-Buist J, van Wijk LA, et al. Peribiliary Glands Are Key in Regeneration of the Human Biliary Epithelium After Severe Bile Duct Injury. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2019;69(4):1719- 34. DOI: 10.1002/hep.30365.de Jong IEM, Matton APM, van Praagh JB, van Haaften WT, Wiersema-Buist J, van Wijk LA, et al. Peribiliary Glands Are Key in Regeneration of the Human Biliary Epithelium After Severe Bile Duct Injury. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2019;69(4):1719- 34. DOI: 10.1002/hep.30365.Franchitto A, Overi D, Mancinelli R, et al. Peribiliary gland damage due to liver transplantation involves peribiliary vascular plexus and vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur J Histochem. 2019;63(2). DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3022.Franchitto A, Overi D, Mancinelli R, et al. Peribiliary gland damage due to liver transplantation involves peribiliary vascular plexus and vascular endothelial growth factor. Eur J Histochem. 2019;63(2). DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3022.Nakanuma Y. A novel approach to biliary tract pathology based on similarities to pancreatic counterparts: is the biliary tract an incomplete pancreas? Pathol Internat. 2010;60(6):419-29. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02543.x.Nakanuma Y. A novel approach to biliary tract pathology based on similarities to pancreatic counterparts: is the biliary tract an incomplete pancreas? Pathol Internat. 2010;60(6):419-29. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02543.x.Terada T, Nakanuma Y, Ohta G. Glandular elements around the intrahepatic bile ducts in man; their morphology and distribution in normal livers. Liver. 1987;7(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00308.x.Terada T, Nakanuma Y, Ohta G. Glandular elements around the intrahepatic bile ducts in man; their morphology and distribution in normal livers. Liver. 1987;7(1):1-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00308.x.Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Terada T, Harada K. Intrahepatic peribiliary glands of humans. II. Pathological spectrum. J Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1994;9(1):80-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01220.x.Nakanuma Y, Sasaki M, Terada T, Harada K. Intrahepatic peribiliary glands of humans. II. Pathological spectrum. J Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 1994;9(1):80-6. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01220.x.Nakanuma Y, Katayanagi K, Terada T, Saito K. Intrahepatic peribiliary glands of humans. I. Anatomy, development and presumed functions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;9(1):75-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01220.x.Nakanuma Y, Katayanagi K, Terada T, Saito K. Intrahepatic peribiliary glands of humans. I. Anatomy, development and presumed functions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;9(1):75-9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01220.x.Matsubara T, Kozaka K. Peribiliary glands: development, dysfunction, related conditions and imaging findings. 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02298-4.Matsubara T, Kozaka K. Peribiliary glands: development, dysfunction, related conditions and imaging findings. 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02298-4.Burden VG. Observations on the histologic and pathologic anatomy of the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts. Ann Surg. 1925;82(4):584-97.Burden VG. Observations on the histologic and pathologic anatomy of the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts. Ann Surg. 1925;82(4):584-97.Elias H, Sherrick JC. Morphology of the Liver. 1969.Elias H, Sherrick JC. Morphology of the Liver. 1969.Mowry RW. The special value of methods that color both acidic and vicinal hydroxyl groups in the histochemical study of mucins. With revised directions for the colloidal iron stain, the use of alcian blue g8x and their combinations with the periodic acid-schiff reaction. Ann New York Acad Sci. 1963;106(2):402-23. DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1699163.Mowry RW. The special value of methods that color both acidic and vicinal hydroxyl groups in the histochemical study of mucins. With revised directions for the colloidal iron stain, the use of alcian blue g8x and their combinations with the periodic acid-schiff reaction. Ann New York Acad Sci. 1963;106(2):402-23. DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1699163.Healey JE, Jr, Schroy PC. Anatomy of the biliary ducts within the human liver; analysis of the prevailing pattern of branchings and the major variations of the biliary ducts. AMA Arch Surg. 1953;66(5):599- 616. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1953.01260030616008.Healey JE, Jr, Schroy PC. Anatomy of the biliary ducts within the human liver; analysis of the prevailing pattern of branchings and the major variations of the biliary ducts. AMA Arch Surg. 1953;66(5):599- 616. DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1953.01260030616008.Masuko K, Rubin E, Popper H. Proliferation of bile ducts in cirrhosis. Arch Pathology. 1964;78:421-31.Masuko K, Rubin E, Popper H. Proliferation of bile ducts in cirrhosis. Arch Pathology. 1964;78:421-31.Францев ДЮ, Сергеева ОН, Долгушин БИ. Лечение гилюсной холангиокарциномы. Современное состояние вопроса. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2019;18(1):103-15. [Frantsev DY, Sergeeva ON, Dolgushin BI. Therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2019;18(1):103-15. (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.21294/1814-4861-2019-18-1-103-115.Францев ДЮ, Сергеева ОН, Долгушин БИ. Лечение гилюсной холангиокарциномы. Современное состояние вопроса. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2019;18(1):103-15. [Frantsev DY, Sergeeva ON, Dolgushin BI. Therapy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Siberian Journal of Oncology. 2019;18(1):103-15. (In Russ.)]. DOI: 10.21294/1814-4861-2019-18-1-103-115.Lim JH, Park CK. Pathology of cholangiocarcinoma. Abdominal Imaging. 2004;29(5):540-7. DOI:10.1007/s00261-004-0187-2.Lim JH, Park CK. Pathology of cholangiocarcinoma. Abdominal Imaging. 2004;29(5):540-7. DOI:10.1007/s00261-004-0187-2.Chen TS, Chen PS. Understanding the Liver: a History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1984.Chen TS, Chen PS. Understanding the Liver: a History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 1984.Javitt NB. History of hepatic bile formation: old problems, new approaches. Adv Physiol Educ. 2014;38(4):279-85. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00076.2014.Javitt NB. History of hepatic bile formation: old problems, new approaches. Adv Physiol Educ. 2014;38(4):279-85. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00076.2014.Meltzer A. Samuel James Meltzer, M.D. March 22, 1851–November 7, 1920 (44469B). Proc Soc Exper Biol Medicine. 2000;223(2):114-7.Meltzer A. Samuel James Meltzer, M.D. March 22, 1851–November 7, 1920 (44469B). Proc Soc Exper Biol Medicine. 2000;223(2):114-7.Choudhuri G, Agarwal DK, Saraswat VA, Negi TS, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Is duodenal bile representative of gallbladder bile? A comparative study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28(10):920-3.Choudhuri G, Agarwal DK, Saraswat VA, Negi TS, Saxena R, Kapoor VK. Is duodenal bile representative of gallbladder bile? A comparative study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993;28(10):920-3.Boyer JL, Bloomer JR. Canalicular bile secretion in man. Studies utilizing the biliary clearance of (14C)mannitol. J Clin Invest. 1974;54(4):773-81. DOI: 10.1172/JCI107817.Boyer JL, Bloomer JR. Canalicular bile secretion in man. Studies utilizing the biliary clearance of (14C)mannitol. J Clin Invest. 1974;54(4):773-81. DOI: 10.1172/JCI107817.Gonoi W, Akahane M, Watanabe Y, Isono S, Maeda E, Hagiwara K, et al. Visualization of bile movement using MRI spin-labeling technique: preliminary results. Am J Roentgenology. 2013;201(1):133-41. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.12.8928.Gonoi W, Akahane M, Watanabe Y, Isono S, Maeda E, Hagiwara K, et al. Visualization of bile movement using MRI spin-labeling technique: preliminary results. Am J Roentgenology. 2013;201(1):133-41. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.12.8928.Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Functional anatomy of normal bile ducts. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008;291(6):653-60. DOI: 10.1002/ar.20664.Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. Functional anatomy of normal bile ducts. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008;291(6):653-60. DOI: 10.1002/ar.20664.Erlinger S. Mechanisms of hepatic transport and bile secretion. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica. 1996;59(2):159-62.Erlinger S. Mechanisms of hepatic transport and bile secretion. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica. 1996;59(2):159-62.Базарнова МА. Руководство по клинической лабораторной диагностике. Киев. 1981.Bazarnova MA. Guidance on clinical laboratory diagnostics. Kiev. 1981. (In Russ.).Скуя НА. Заболевания поджелудочной железы. 1986.Skuya NA. Diseases of the pancreas. 1986. (In Russ.).Кост ЕА. Справочник по клиническим лабораторным методам исследования. М. 1975.Кост ЕА. Справочник по клиническим лабораторным методам исследования. М. 1975. [Kost EA. Handbook of Clinical Laboratory Methods of Investigation. 1975. (In Russ.)].Халилов ХМ, Кочнев ОС, Биряльцев ВН, Минабутдинов РМ. Физико-химические параметры желчи при хирургическом и эндоскопическом лечении острого холецистита. Харьков. 1991.Khalilov KM, Kochnev OS, Biryaltsev VN, Minabutdinov RM. Physico-chemical parameters of bile in surgical and endoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis. 1991. (In Russ.)].Doty JE, Pitt HA, Kuchenbecker SL, Porter-Fink V, DenBesten LW. Role of gallbladder mucus in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Am J Surg. 1983;145(1):54-61.Doty JE, Pitt HA, Kuchenbecker SL, Porter-Fink V, DenBesten LW. Role of gallbladder mucus in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Am J Surg. 1983;145(1):54-61.Gottschalk M, Lochner A. Behavior of postoperative viscosity of bile fluid from T-drainage. A contribution to cholelithogenesis. Gastroenterologisches Journal. 1990;50(2):65-7.Gottschalk M, Lochner A. Behavior of postoperative viscosity of bile fluid from T-drainage. A contribution to cholelithogenesis. Gastroenterologisches Journal. 1990;50(2):65-7.Кучумов АГ. Биомеханическая мoдель течения желчи в билиарной системе. Российский журнал биомеханики. 2019;23(2):267–92. DOI: 10.15593/RZhBiomeh/2019.2.09.Kuchumov AG. Biomechanical model of bile flow in the biliary system. Russian Journal of Biomechanics. 2019;23(2):267-92. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.15593/RZhBiomeh/2019.2.09.Kuchumov AG, Gilev V, Popov V, Samartsev V, Gavrilov V. Non-Newtonian flow of pathological bile in the biliary system: experimental investigation and CFD simulations. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal. 2014;26(1):81-90. DOI: 10.1007/s13367-014-0009-1.Kuchumov AG, Gilev V, Popov V, Samartsev V, Gavrilov V. Non-Newtonian flow of pathological bile in the biliary system: experimental investigation and CFD simulations. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal. 2014;26(1):81-90. DOI: 10.1007/s13367-014-0009-1.Al-Atabi M, Chin SB, Luo XY. Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models. J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(4):041003. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001043.Al-Atabi M, Chin SB, Luo XY. Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models. J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(4):041003. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001043.Agarwal S, Singh SP. An Analysis of the effect of the peripheral viscosity on bile flow characteristics through cystic duct with stone: Study of two-layer model with squeezing. Internat J Eng Trends Technol (IJETT). 2016;32(7):309-14.Agarwal S, Singh SP. An Analysis of the effect of the peripheral viscosity on bile flow characteristics through cystic duct with stone: Study of two-layer model with squeezing. Internat J Eng Trends Technol (IJETT). 2016;32(7):309-14.Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Johnson AG, Bird NC. The flow of bile in the human cystic duct. J Biomechanics. 2004;37(12):1913-22. DOI: 10.1016/j. jbiomech.2004.02.029.Ooi RC, Luo XY, Chin SB, Johnson AG, Bird NC. The flow of bile in the human cystic duct. J Biomechanics. 2004;37(12):1913-22. DOI: 10.1016/j. jbiomech.2004.02.029.Beuers U, Hohenester S, de Buy Wenniger LJM, Kremer AE, Jansen PLM, Elferink RPJO. The biliary HCO3 umbrella: A unifying hypothesis on pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of fibrosing cholangiopathies. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2010;52(4):1489-96. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23810.Beuers U, Hohenester S, de Buy Wenniger LJM, Kremer AE, Jansen PLM, Elferink RPJO. The biliary HCO3 umbrella: A unifying hypothesis on pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects of fibrosing cholangiopathies. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2010;52(4):1489-96. DOI: 10.1002/hep.23810.Banales JM, Huebert RC, Karlsen T, Strazzabosco M, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ. Cholangiocyte pathobiology. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019;16(5):269-81. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0125-y.Banales JM, Huebert RC, Karlsen T, Strazzabosco M, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ. Cholangiocyte pathobiology. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2019;16(5):269-81. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0125-y.Deutschmann K, Reich M, Klindt C, Dröge C, Spomer L, Häussinger D, et al. Bile acid receptors in the biliary tree: TGR5 in physiology and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) — Molecular Basis of Disease. 2018;1864(4,Part B):1319-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.02.Deutschmann K, Reich M, Klindt C, Dröge C, Spomer L, Häussinger D, et al. Bile acid receptors in the biliary tree: TGR5 in physiology and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) — Molecular Basis of Disease. 2018;1864(4,Part B):1319-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.08.02.Beuers U, Maroni L, Elferink RO. The biliary HCO3 umbrella: experimental evidence revisited. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2012;28(3):253-7. DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328352aab2.Beuers U, Maroni L, Elferink RO. The biliary HCO3 umbrella: experimental evidence revisited. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 2012;28(3):253-7. DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e328352aab2.Щербинина М. Заболевания печени с холестатическим синдромом, болезни желчного пузыря и урсодезоксихолевая кислота: новые акценты. Сучасна гастроентерологія. 2016(2):78-86.Shcherbinina MB. Liver disease with cholestatic syndrome, gallbladder disease and ursodeoxycholic acid: new accents. Modern Gastroenterology. 2016(2):78-86. (In Ukr.).Saito K, Nakanuma Y. Lactoferrin and lysozyme in the intrahepatic bile duct of normal livers and hepatolithiasis. An immunohistochemical study. J Hepatol. 1992;15(1-2):147-53.Saito K, Nakanuma Y. Lactoferrin and lysozyme in the intrahepatic bile duct of normal livers and hepatolithiasis. An immunohistochemical study. J Hepatol. 1992;15(1-2):147-53.Igarashi S, Sato Y, Ren XS, Harada K, Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Participation of peribiliary glands in biliary tract pathophysiologies. World J Hepatol. 2013;5(8):425-32. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i8.425.Igarashi S, Sato Y, Ren XS, Harada K, Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Participation of peribiliary glands in biliary tract pathophysiologies. World J Hepatol. 2013;5(8):425-32. DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i8.425.Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, Cui CB, Gatto M, Rossi M, et al. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2011;54(6):2159-72. DOI: 10.1002/hep.24590.Cardinale V, Wang Y, Carpino G, Cui CB, Gatto M, Rossi M, et al. Multipotent stem/progenitor cells in human biliary tree give rise to hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic islets. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2011;54(6):2159-72. DOI: 10.1002/hep.24590.Carpino G, Cardinale V, Onori P, Franchitto A, Berloco PB, Rossi M, et al. Biliary tree stem/ progenitor cells in glands of extrahepatic and intraheptic bile ducts: an anatomical in situ study yielding evidence of maturational lineages. J Anat. 2012;220(2):186-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01462.x.Carpino G, Cardinale V, Onori P, Franchitto A, Berloco PB, Rossi M, et al. Biliary tree stem/ progenitor cells in glands of extrahepatic and intraheptic bile ducts: an anatomical in situ study yielding evidence of maturational lineages. J Anat. 2012;220(2):186-99. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01462.x.Semeraro R, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Onori P, Gentile R, Cantafora A, et al. Multipotent stem/ progenitor cells in the human foetal biliary tree. J Hepatology. 2012;57(5):987-94. DOI: 10.13128/IJAE8706.Semeraro R, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Onori P, Gentile R, Cantafora A, et al. Multipotent stem/ progenitor cells in the human foetal biliary tree. J Hepatology. 2012;57(5):987-94. DOI: 10.13128/IJAE8706.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.